Forms can be readily developed with AngularJS using the ngForm directive and data from forms can be quickly tied to $scope variables using the ngModel directive. Here is an illustration of an AngularJS form that was created:
Define a form in the HTML markup using the ng-form directive, and add input fields using the ng-model directive:
<form ng-submit="submitForm()">
<label for="name">Name:</label>
<input type="text" id="name" ng-model="formData.name" required>
<label for="email">Email:</label>
<input type="email" id="email" ng-model="formData.email" required>
<button type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>
In the above example, we define a form using the ng-form directive, and add two input fields for name and email using the ng-model directive. The required attribute is added to ensure that the fields are not empty.
Define the submitForm() function in the controller to handle the form submission:
angular.module('myApp', [])
.controller('myController', function($scope) {
$scope.formData = {};
$scope.submitForm = function() {
alert('Form submitted with data: ' + JSON.stringify($scope.formData));
};
});
In the above example, we define a new module called myApp and attach a controller to it called myController. We define a $scope.formData variable to hold the form data, and a submitForm() function that displays an alert with the form data when called.
The submitForm() method is used to display an alert with the form data in JSON format once the form is submitted.
Form Validation in AngularJS
In AngularJS, form validation can be easily implemented using the built-in form validation directives and services. Here’s an example of how to implement form validation in AngularJS:
The default HTML5 form validation may be turned off by adding the no validate property to the form:
<form name="myForm" novalidate>
...
</form>
In the above example, we add the no validate attribute to the form element to disable default HTML5 form validation.
The form inputs should have validation instructions added:
<input type="email" name="email" ng-model="formData.email" required email>
<div ng-show="myForm.email.$touched && myForm.email.$invalid">
<span ng-show="myForm.email.$error.required">Email is required.</span>
<span ng-show="myForm.email.$error.email">Invalid email address.</span>
</div>
In the above example, we add the required email directives to the email input field to ensure that it is not empty and that it is a valid email address. We also use the ng-show directive to display error messages if the input is invalid.
Improve the controller’s validation logic:
angular.module('myApp', [])
.controller('myController', function($scope) {
$scope.formData = {};
$scope.submitForm = function() {
if ($scope.myForm.$valid) {
alert('Form submitted with data: ' + JSON.stringify($scope.formData));
} else {
alert('Form is invalid.');
}
};
});
In the above example, we define a submitForm() function in the controller that checks if the form is valid before submitting it.
The submitForm() method is used to check whether the form is valid once it has been submitted. A message with the form’s JSON-formatted data is displayed if the form is legitimate. A notice stating “Form is invalid” appears if the form is incomplete.
API for AngularJS
Developers may easily design dynamic web apps using AngularJS’s set of integrated APIs (Application Programming Interfaces). Here is an illustration of how to send an HTTP call using the AngularJS $http API and show the response:
Inject the $http service into the controller:
angular.module('myApp', [])
.controller('myController', function($scope, $http) {
// controller code here
});
In the above example, we inject the $http service into the controller by passing it as a parameter to the function.
To make an HTTP request, use the $http service:
$http({
method: 'GET',
url: 'https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1'
}).then(function(response) {
$scope.todo = response.data;
}, function(response) {
console.log(response.statusText);
});
In the above example, we use the $http service to make an HTTP GET request to the JSONPlaceholder API. We provide the method (GET) and the URL of the API endpoint as parameters to the $http function.
The promise that the $http function returns is handled by the then() method. If the promise is successfully fulfilled, the response information is added to the $scope.todo variable so that it can be used to render the information in the view. We record the mistake to the console if the promise is refused.
Display the response data in the view:
<div ng-controller="myController">
<h1>{{todo.title}}</h1>
<p>{{todo.completed}}</p>
</div>
In the above example, we use the ng-controller directive to associate the controller with the view. We also use the {{ }} syntax to display the title and completed properties of the todo object in the view.
AngularJS Comprises
Google created the open-source front-end framework AngularJS, which is built on JavaScript. By enhancing HTML’s capabilities, it is intended to make it easier to construct dynamic single-page applications (SPAs). The idea of “includes,” which enables you to modularize your code and reuse components across various portions of your application, is one of the capabilities offered by AngularJS.
In AngularJS, includes are implemented using the ngInclude directive. This directive is used to fetch, compile, and render HTML templates dynamically into your application. It provides a way to inject reusable components, partials, or even entire views into your main application template.
Here’s the basic syntax for using the ngInclude directive:
<div ng-include="'path/to/template.html'"></div>
In the above example, the ng-include attribute is added to a <div> element. The value of the attribute is a string representing the path to the HTML template file that you want to include. The path can be a URL or a relative path to a local template file.
Here’s a more practical example where we include a navigation bar template in an AngularJS application:
<!-- index.html -->
<html>
<head>
<!-- AngularJS library -->
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body ng-app="myApp">
<!-- Include the navigation bar template -->
<div ng-include="'templates/navbar.html'"></div>
<!-- Rest of the application content -->
<div ng-controller="MainController">
<!-- Your application content here -->
</div>
<!-- AngularJS application code -->
<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('MainController', function($scope) {
// Controller logic goes here
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
<!-- templates/navbar.html -->
<nav>
<!-- Navigation bar content -->
</nav>
The index.html page in the previous example contains the AngularJS framework and declares an application module called “myApp.” The navbar.html template file, which includes the HTML markup for the navigation bar, is included into the application using the ng-include directive.
By using includes, you can break down your application into smaller, manageable components, and reuse them across multiple pages or sections of your application. This promotes code reusability, maintainability, and separation of concerns, making it easier to develop and maintain complex AngularJS applications.
Animations in AngularJS
AngularJS provides a powerful animation module that allows you to create dynamic and visually appealing animations in your web applications. The animation module, known as “ngAnimate,” is built on top of the standard CSS3 transitions and keyframes, providing a declarative way to define and manage animations within your AngularJS application.
Here’s an overview of how animations work in AngularJS:
1. Enable ngAnimate: To start using animations in your AngularJS application, you need to include the angular-animate.js file and ensure that the ngAnimate module is included as a dependency in your main application module.
2. Define CSS classes: AngularJS animations work by adding and removing CSS classes to elements within your application. You define these classes in your CSS file to describe the desired animation effects.
3. Animate elements: You can trigger animations in AngularJS by using the ngAnimate directive and the special animation-related directives provided by AngularJS, such as ng-show, ng-hide, ng-enter, ng-leave, etc. These directives can be combined with CSS classes to specify the animation behavior.
Let’s see a couple of examples to illustrate how animations are implemented in AngularJS:
Example 1: Simple Fade-In Animation
HTML:
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="MainController">
<button ng-click="toggleVisibility()">Toggle</button>
<div ng-show="isVisible" class="fade-in">Content</div>
</div>
CSS:
.fade-in {
transition: opacity 0.5s;
opacity: 1;
}
.fade-in.ng-hide {
opacity: 0;
}
JavaScript:
var app = angular.module('myApp', ['ngAnimate']);
app.controller('MainController', function($scope) {
$scope.isVisible = false;
$scope.toggleVisibility = function() {
$scope.isVisible = !$scope.isVisible;
};
});
In the example above, a button changes a div element’s visibility depending on the value of the isVisible variable. The element may be shown or hidden using the ng-show directive. To manage the fade-in animation effect, we have developed two CSS classes: fade-in and fade-in.ng-hide. The opacity is set to 0 when the element is hidden (ng-hide is applied), providing a fade-out effect. The opacity is set to 1 and a fade-in effect is produced when the element is shown (ng-hide is removed).
Example 2: Slide Animation
HTML:
<div ng-app="myApp" ng-controller="MainController">
<button ng-click="toggleVisibility()">Toggle</button>
<div ng-show="isVisible" class="slide">
<p>Content</p>
</div>
</div>
CSS:
.slide.ng-enter {
transition: transform 0.5s;
transform: translateY(-100%);
}
.slide.ng-enter-active {
transform: translateY(0);
}
.slide.ng-leave {
transition: transform 0.5s;
transform: translateY(0);
}
.slide.ng-leave-active {
transform: translateY(-100%);
}
JavaScript:
var app = angular.module('myApp', ['ngAnimate']);
app.controller('MainController', function($scope) {
$scope.isVisible = false;
$scope.toggleVisibility = function() {
$scope.isVisible = !$scope.isVisible;
};
});
In this example, we have a similar setup as the previous example, but instead of fade-in/fade-out, we create a slide animation effect.
Routing in AngularJS
AngularJS provides a powerful routing module called “ngRoute” that allows you to implement client-side routing in your web application. With ngRoute, you can define different routes for your application, associate templates and controllers with those routes, and handle navigation between different views without a page refresh.
To use ngRoute, you need to include the angular-route.js file and ensure that the ngRoute module is included as a dependency in your main application module.
Here’s an overview of how routing works in AngularJS:
1. Enable ngRoute: Include the angular-route.js file in your application and add ngRoute as a dependency in your main application module.
2. Configure routes: In your application module’s configuration block, use the $routeProvider service to define the routes for your application. Specify the URL, template, and controller associated with each route.
3. Create templates: Create HTML templates for each route that will be rendered when the corresponding route is activated. These templates can include dynamic content and be associated with a controller.
4. Handle navigation: Use the ng-href directive or the $location service to navigate between different routes in your application.
Let’s see an example that demonstrates how to implement routing in AngularJS using ngRoute:
HTML:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<!-- AngularJS library -->
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular.min.js"></script>
<!-- AngularJS routing module -->
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.8.2/angular-route.min.js"></script>
<!-- Custom JavaScript file -->
<script src="app.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="#/">Home</a></li>
<li><a href="#/about">About</a></li>
<li><a href="#/contact">Contact</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
</header>
<main>
<div ng-view></div>
</main>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript (app.js):
var app = angular.module('myApp', ['ngRoute']);
app.config(function($routeProvider) {
$routeProvider
.when('/', {
templateUrl: 'home.html',
controller: 'HomeController'
})
.when('/about', {
templateUrl: 'about.html',
controller: 'AboutController'
})
.when('/contact', {
templateUrl: 'contact.html',
controller: 'ContactController'
})
.otherwise({
redirectTo: '/'
});
});
app.controller('HomeController', function($scope) {
// Controller logic for Home page
});
app.controller('AboutController', function($scope) {
// Controller logic for About page
});
app.controller('ContactController', function($scope) {
// Controller logic for Contact page
});
In the example above, we have a basic HTML structure with navigation links and a placeholder for rendering the view associated with each route (<div ng-view></div>). In the JavaScript code, we define an application module named ‘myApp’ and configure the routes using the $routeProvider service. We specify the template URL and the controller for each route. Additionally, we define controllers for the Home, About, and Contact pages.
When a navigation link is clicked, the corresponding route is activated, and the associated template and controller are loaded and rendered inside the ng-view directive.
Using ngRoute, you can build more complex routing scenarios with parameterized routes, resolve.
Application in AngularJS
An AngularJS application is a web application developed using the AngularJS framework. It follows the model-view-controller (MVC) architectural pattern and allows developers to build dynamic, single-page applications with enhanced functionality and interactivity.
Here’s an example of an AngularJS application:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html ng-app="myApp">
<head>
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/angularjs/1.7.9/angular.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div ng-controller="myController">
<h1>{{ greeting }}</h1>
<input type="text" ng-model="name" placeholder="Enter your name">
<button ng-click="sayHello()">Say Hello</button>
</div>
<script>
var app = angular.module('myApp', []);
app.controller('myController', function($scope) {
$scope.greeting = "Welcome to My AngularJS Application";
$scope.sayHello = function() {
if ($scope.name) {
$scope.greeting = "Hello, " + $scope.name + "!";
} else {
$scope.greeting = "Hello, Stranger!";
}
};
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
In this example, we have an AngularJS application that consists of a controller (myController) and a view defined in the HTML markup. The ng-app directive initializes the AngularJS application.
The myController is defined using the app.controller method. It creates an object called $scope that acts as the data model for the view. The greeting variable contains the first welcome message.
In the view, the {{ greeting }} expression is used to display the value of the greeting variable. The ng-model directive binds the input field to the name variable in the controller, allowing two-way data binding.
The ng-click directive is used to call the sayHello() function in the controller when the button is clicked. The function checks the value of the name variable and updates the greeting variable accordingly.
As a consequence, when you click the button, the greeting message is modified based on the value you provide in the input area. If a name is entered, a personalized greeting is displayed. Otherwise, a generic welcome to a stranger is displayed.